Control emissions at the cylinder level, with Zero CO, Zero HC and near zero NO
Control emissions at the cylinder level, with Zero CO, Zero HC and near zero NO
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Physics of Time (PoT): A Time-Primary Engineering Diagnostic for Open Systems
The Physics of Time (PoT) framework is a physics-grounded engineering diagnostic developed to address a practical limitation of classical mechanics in open systems.
Classical mechanics correctly governs motion through force laws in physical space. However, in systems with moving boundaries or evolving geometry, classical analysis becomes largely procedural: accurate predictions require full trajectory integration, numerical simulation, and post-hoc evaluation. As a result, classical mechanics provides correctness, but offers limited design-level insight.
PoT does not replace classical mechanics. Instead, it adds a time-primary diagnostic layer that makes conserved power availability and momentum realization explicit during motion—before full integration is performed.
What PoT Is (and Is Not)
Classical equations of motion remain fully valid. PoT operates alongside them to restore practical predictability and design intuition.
Why Classical Mechanics Becomes Impractical in Open Systems
In closed systems with fixed geometry, force laws yield both correct motion and usable design intuition.
In open systems:
While classical mechanics can still calculate outcomes, these effects become visible only after full integration or simulation. There is no simple, conservative diagnostic to guide early design decisions.
PoT’s Engineering Contribution
PoT introduces a time-primary power ledger that tracks how acceleration exposure governs power realization under shared field normalization:
This expression does not modify physical laws. It provides a pre-integrative engineering diagnostic that predicts:
before computationally expensive simulations are run.
Empirical Validation
Between 2018 and 2025, PoT was validated through more than 100 full-cycle CFD simulations of moving-boundary combustion systems.
Across all cases:
PoT consistently reduced design iteration time by identifying promising configurations early.
How PoT Should Be Used
PoT is intended as:
Classical mechanics and simulation remain essential for validation and detailed analysis.
Physics of Time is a conservative, time-primary engineering diagnostic that restores practical design capability in open systems—complementing classical mechanics without altering its laws.

Understand the Field
Geometry as a Governing Pathway for Power Realization
Geometry by itself does not supply power.
However, when boundaries evolve during motion driven by real forces, geometry becomes an active pathway through which power is realized in time. In open systems, changing geometry reshapes pressure distributions, modifies force pathways, and alters how momentum and work appear—while remaining fully conservative.
This distinction is central to open-system physics and engineering.
Understanding the Field (For Physicists)
In classical mechanics, motion is governed by real forces acting on mass in physical space. When non-inertial frames are used, apparent or inertial forces (e.g., D’Alembert forces) are sometimes introduced as accounting tools. These forces do not represent new power sources; they simply recast force balance in an accelerating reference frame.
The Physics of Time (PoT) framework does not introduce new forces or rely on fictitious ones. Instead, it identifies when changing geometrycauses real, conservative redistribution of pressure and momentum during motion, even though the equations of motion themselves remain unchanged.
The key distinction is not frame choice, but whether the realization path is static or evolving.
When Geometry Becomes Physically Active
The defining condition is geometry-induced constraint acceleration, denoted A2.
In an open system—such as a combustion chamber with a moving boundary—real forces (pressure, combustion, gravity) generate motion through a net-force acceleration A1. If, during this motion, the geometry of the system evolves, the realized motion is continuously reshaped relative to a non-static path.
This produces a real, measurable redistribution of power, not a fictitious effect.
Specifically, changing geometry alters:
These changes appear as a reaction associated with geometry, but they do not originate power.
Geometry Is Not a Power Source — It Is a Power Pathway
All power in the system originates from real forces associated with A1 :
Geometry does not add energy.
Instead, geometry governs how and when that power is realized.
In PoT terms:
Boundary motion modifies the instantaneous pressure field through the rate of volume change dv/dt , which in turn reshapes force pathways and realized work.
This redistribution is conservative and time-dependent.
The Classical Root: Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)
The mathematical foundation of PoT lies in the Reynolds Transport Theorem, which generalizes Newtonian mechanics to systems where:
RTT explains:
PoT does not replace Newton’s laws. It extends their applicabilityby recognizing that in open systems:
Core Definitions
Effective Coherence Mass Mf
A1 is the portion of matter whose inertia is actively coupled to the evolving geometry and pressure field at a given instant.
It is not simply the piston mass or gas mass.
It depends on:
A1— Real-Force Acceleration
Acceleration generated by real forces:
This is the power-delivering channel.
Units: m/s²
A2 — Geometry-Induced Constraint Acceleration
Acceleration arising from evolving geometry, including:
A2:
External influences such as wind always belong to , never to
.
Coordinates in the Time Field (Diagnostic, Not Physical)
PoT uses a Cartesian diagnostic framework, not a physical space:
C = (t,A1,A2)
where:
The origin is defined by the instantaneous coherence mass .
This origin is not a position; it is a participation reference.
Within this framework:
This Cartesian structure makes explicit how geometry reshapes power realization in open systems while remaining fully conservative and fully Newtonian.
In open systems, geometry does not create power—but it governs how power is realized in time. Physics of Time makes this governing role explicit, conservative, and usable for engineering design.
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